According to the World Heart Federation, heart disease is the world’s leading cause of death, causing one in three deaths. And adding to the bad news, men are three to five times more likely to contract heart disease as compared to women.
Though the figures may be disheartening, heart diseases can be prevented, managed and treated. Using medicines, changing diet, exercise and lifestyle habits, and opting for surgeries and even heart transplants, can help sufferers of heart diseases.
Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary artery disease is one of the leading causes of death in Singapore. However, it can be prevented by managing its risk factors.
Risk factors for coronary artery diseases can be largely divided into non-modifiable factors and modifiable factors.
Non-modifiable risk factors:
- Increased age
- Male, and female after menopause
- Ethnicity: South Asians and Malays are at higher risk than Chinese
- Family history
While you can’t change your gender, your family and the fact that you age, there are modifiable factors that could vastly improve your chances of having a healthy heart.
Modifiable risk fators:
- High blood cholesterol
- High blood pressure/hypertension
- Diabetes mellitus and abnormal blood sugar levels
- Menopause
- Obesity
- Physical inactivity
- Smoking
- Stress
Heart Failure
Heart failure occurs when the heart loses the ability to pump enough blood to the body’s tissues, resulting in insufficient oxygen and nutrients for proper functioning of the main body organs and other tissues. Our brain cells can die if deprived of oxygen for more than three minutes. Our muscle cells live on for several hours while our bone and skin cells can stay alive for several days.
Blockages in the arteries (coronary artery disease), disease of the heart valves and irregular heartbeats (arrhythmia) are common causes of heart failure.
Causes
The most common causes of heart failure are :
- Coronary heart disease and heart attack (which ma be “silent”)
- Cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscles)
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
- Heart valve disease
- Congenital heart disease
- Alcoholism and drug abuse
Symptoms
A person with heart failure may experience shortness of breath and coughing caused by the fluid build-up in the lungs or pulmonary oedema. It may cause the person to cough up bubbnly phlegm containing blood. Other symptoms of heart failure include fluid build-up in the veins and body tissues causing swelling of the feet, legs and abdomen. When body tissues, such as organs and muscles, do not receive enough oxygen and nutrients, they cannot function well, leading to tiredness and dizziness.
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